{"id":15072,"date":"2024-12-18T02:40:15","date_gmt":"2024-12-18T02:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/?p=15072"},"modified":"2025-01-06T02:43:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T02:43:06","slug":"coral-bleaching-raja-ampat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/2024\/12\/18\/coral-bleaching-raja-ampat\/","title":{"rendered":"The World\u2019s Fourth Coral Bleaching Event; How It&#8217;s Affecting Raja Ampat right now"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Section&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;10px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Like many coral reefs regions around the world right now, Raja Ampat is experiencing the impacts of a record-breaking marine heatwave, resulting in a coral bleaching.\u00a0 This aligns with broader climate patterns (El Nino), human induced climate change (which has brought about the world\u2019s Fourth Global Bleaching Event) and the associated rising global ocean temperatures, combined with varying levels of localised pressures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>We are publishing this story now, based on our observations and those of others who\u2019ve been diving throughout Raja Ampat, within the Dampier Strait and beyond. And as always with Raja Ampat, <strong>variance and diversity reign <\/strong>(as can be seen in the video below). With this article, we do not claim to give a definitive report on the condition of <em>every <\/em>reef in the region \u2013 this is impossible \u2013 \u00a0but rather, we aim to communicate and clarify some key points about bleaching in general, bleaching in Raja Ampat, and how we can support those reefs that are suffering until the colder water arrives, giving them the best chance of recovery and survival.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/mt-WIpWRWkM&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto|-33px|auto||&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;27px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Video Credits: <\/strong>Lynn Lawrance, Cory Patty, Yosina Padwa, Tim Noack,\u00a0 Arnaud Brival, Jakare Liveaboard<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;30px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;27px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Facts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;10px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Raja Ampat covers a vast area of over 4.5 million hectares; and it is impossible for anyone to say definitively that \u201cRaja Ampat is bleached\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">The situation is complex:\u00a0<b>some corals are fully bleached, others stressed, and many remain healthy, even thriving<\/b>. What we\u2019ve shown in this video is from a series of dives taken within the past couple of weeks, clearly indicating the variance.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Of those corals that are bleached; at time of writing they are still alive (bleached does not mean dead) &#8211; having simply expelled the algae that gives them their colour; these bleached corals are actively feeding on the abundant plankton in Raja Ampat\u2019s rich waters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">At present, the most famous and frequented sites within in the Dampier Strait appear to be among the most affected by bleaching. However, this observation comes with subjectivity and potential bias, particularly as other areas are less frequently visited or monitored; (eg: there are no reports of bleaching at sites where nobody visits).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>The extent of the current bleaching event is alarming and should be taken very seriously, and we do not wish to downplay this<\/strong>; but it is important to note that the current variability and \u2018patchwork\u2019 of bleaching impact also reflects both the vulnerability and the <strong>extraordinary resilience<\/strong> of Raja Ampat\u2019s coral reefs.\u00a0 To date, these reefs have demonstrated an incredible ability to recover from bleaching events, including those in 2016\/2017 and 2021\u2014events that, unless you were here at the time, you would not know occurred at all due to the low levels of mortality.<\/p>\n<p>This incredible resilience can be attributed to several <strong>unique ecological dynamics<\/strong> (<em>healthy populations of grazing fish, strong currents and deep-water upwellings, shallow inlets and creeks that act as natural &#8220;training grounds&#8221; for heat-resistant corals, abundant planktonic food which support corals when their ability to photosynthesize is compromised, full forest\/mangrove cover in coastal areas)<\/em> <strong>combined with and a lack of other stressors and pressures <\/strong><em>(pollution, wastewater, overfishing, coastal development, overtourism).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>These factors create robust natural feedback loops that have allowed Raja Ampat\u2019s reefs to bounce back time and time again; where other reefs around the world die off.<\/p>\n<p><strong>But this does not mean we can assume all will be well once again. What this should tell us is that if we do not navigate this with the care and respect that the coral reefs we say we value deserve, there is a lot more to lose.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The current bleaching event is still unfolding<\/strong>, and we don\u2019t yet know its full impact. What is \u2018true\u2019 now, my be different in a month or two.\u00a0 What we do know with certainty, is that it serves as a <strong>clear warning sign that shouldn\u2019t be ignored.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Coral bleaching is typically a symptom of broader environmental stress. And while global solutions to address climate change may seem beyond reach in the short term, <strong>local action is within our control.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;10px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; module_id=&#8221;reducelocalpressures&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;reducelocalpressures&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The best way to support Raja Ampat\u2019s reefs right now is to <strong>reduce and<\/strong> <strong>minimise local pressures <\/strong>(such as pollution, wastewater, overfishing, damaging marine activities, overtourism sites suffering bleaching, unchecked and\/or careless tourism practices) and <strong>safeguard the region\u2019s unique ecological dynamics <\/strong>\u2013 which combined have protected it for centuries.<\/p>\n<p>Pressures on coral reefs are cumulative, particularly during a bleaching event; so reducing these pressures \u2013 especially in the areas that are suffering from bleaching the most &#8211;\u00a0 gives corals the maximum chance of survival and full recovery.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;whatnow&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; module_id=&#8221;whatnow&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_popup_slug=&#8221;whatnow&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row module_id=&#8221;whatnow&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-70px|auto|-33px|auto|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;1px|||||&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;whatnow&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;30px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;27px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What Now?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;10px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Over the years, Raja Ampat\u2019s reefs have proven they can take a hit; but just like the rest of us, there\u2019s a limit to their resilience\u2014and right now, none of us know where that tipping point is. With water temperature expected to start to cooling in 5-8 weeks, but with a Bleaching Alert remaining at Level 1 for another 12weeks (see diagrams below), Raja Ampat\u2019s reefs need every possible advantage we can give them to recover, just like they have in the past.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For individuals, minimizing personal impact is vital. Three of the most significant pressures individuals can help mitigate are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chemical pollution<\/strong> (from sunscreen, body care and homecare\/housecare products, leakage\/seepage from boats)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coral breakage<\/strong> (from fin kicks, trampling, grabbing, poor bouyancy, careless boat <span>manoeuvring<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nutrient pollution<\/strong> (yes\u2026 this means the cumulative number of poop days in areas experiencing stress!).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Additionally, it\u2019s important to ensure that wetsuits, boots, and fins are thoroughly cleaned to avoid introducing viruses or harmful organisms from other regions.<\/p>\n<p>As the world lives through the Fourth Global Coral Bleaching Event, now is not the time for complacency and the \u2018business as usual\u2019 approach; it\u2019s a time for action. With continually rising ocean temperatures and marine heatwaves expected to become more frequent and intense, the window to act may well be closing. \u00a0Every choice <strong>we<\/strong> (not the notorious &#8220;they&#8221;) make\u2014minimizing pollution, reducing local stressors, and supporting genuine conservation efforts and <a href=\"https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/your-carbon-footprint-raja-ampat\/\">reducing carbon emissions<\/a> &#8211; will determine whether these reefs can continue to thrive or if they\u2019ll be pushed past their breaking point.<\/p>\n<p><strong>For those who truly care about Raja Ampat &#8211; as much as their social media posts say they do &#8211;\u00a0 right now, the call to action here is simple: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce localised pressures (particularly at sites suffering the most)<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t wait for someone else to reduce localised pressures; recognise that the quickest and most impactful actions we can take right now, are those we take ourselves; the slowest are those we wait for others to do on our behalf. <strong>WE (not &#8216;they&#8217;) are all part of this; both the problem and the solution.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Nature is often underestimated, but just as often surprises us when left undisturbed. Imagine what would happen if we made a conscious decision to leave an area undisturbed\u2026 or more critically,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>how strong and adaptive it could be if we\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"s2\"><b><i>actually started supporting it<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><b><i>?<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><strong><\/strong>To close\u2026 so far much of the narrative around bleaching in Indonesia and Raja Ampat has been through the lens of tourism; this stands to reason as the industry with the greatest capacity to speak out. But let\u2019s always remember: there was something\u2014and more importantly, someone &#8211; here well before tourism began. \u00a0These people and their communities, whose culture, traditions, history and heritage are deeply intertwined with the health of these reefs, stand to lose far more than the cost of a holiday or the disappointment of visiting guests.\u00a0 Coastal communities in Raja Ampat stand to lose their way of life, their sustenance, and a connection to the ecosystems that have sustained them for generations.<\/p>\n<p>So by all means, come and visit these reefs as guests, but remember to go lightly (walk, dive, snorkel with the greatest of care) to give the reefs the best possible chance of recovering, and surviving.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;30px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Coral Bleaching and Yaf Keru<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;10px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>With respect to our <a href=\"https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/yaf-keru-reef-restoration-and-conservation\/\"><strong>reef restoration program<\/strong><\/a>, we are NOT transplanting at the moment. Just as there\u2019s no point in planting trees in a forest on fire, we believe there is limited value in transplanting corals during a bleaching event of this intensity. Instead, we are dedicating our time to monitoring, building capacity within local communities, and identifying which coral species are resilient versus those that are not. Whilst we\u2019d prefer not to be in the midst of the Fourth Global Bleaching event\u2026 we are using this time to learn what we can, in order to be better prepared for whatever comes next.<\/p>\n<p>PS: Unsurprisingly\u2026 there are members of our local team, who\u2019s natural world knowledge can tell us which corals are more \u2018heat resilient\u2019\u2026 without needing a university degree, lab testing corals, or referring to a data set.<\/p>\n<p>We will update again in early in 2025.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;30px||-10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Fourth Global Bleaching Event: Bleaching Alert Maps<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/World-Bleaching-Alert.jpeg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;World Bleaching Alert&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-10px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;-25px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;-25px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Raja Ampat and the Birdshead Seascape in the middle of Alert Level 2 (highest alert level).<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/theseapeople.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Bleaching-Alert-Level-Outlook.jpeg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Bleaching Alert Level Outlook&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Lora||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-10px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;-35px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;-30px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The next 5-12 weeks are critical; whilst water begins to cool within 5-8 weeks, weeks 9-12 remain on Alert Level 1.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; 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